This study was conducted during summer and winter of 2018- 2019 in the agricultural research field of Shahid Chamran University. Experimental design was split- plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main plot was the type of agricultural system in three levels including conventional (Conv), ORGANIC (Org) and sustainable (Sust) (integrated between Conv and Org) and sup- plot was the type of pre- cultivated crop in sequence with wheat including cultivation of mung bean (M- W), corn (C- W), sesame (S- W) and fallow (F- W). Yield quantity (yield and its component) and quality (grain protein), an estimate of photosynthesis matter transfer index of wheat and soil ORGANIC carbon (SOC) after one double-cropping were measured. The result showed that the highest (545.04 g/m2) and the lowest (409.28 g/m2) seed yields were obtained in Conv and Org respectively. In contract, with the changing type of system from Conv to Org, grain protein was increased significantly (from 8.3 to 9.6 %). In addition, the highest (535.47 g/m2) yield of wheat was obtained from M- W double cropping. On the other hands the highest remobilization and current photosynthesis matter were obtained in the ORGANIC agricultural system with M- W and conventional with M- W double cropping. The situation of SOC showed that the highest (33.18 mg/g) SOC was obtained in the ORGANIC agricultural system with C- W double cropping. The reason for improving SOC in the ORGANIC and sustainable agricultural system was application of ORGANIC matter (compost and vermicompost) and crop residue management. Totally, from the crop ecology point of view, sustainable agricultural method with a sequence of M- W was the most desirable system.

The medicinal plant Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) is cultivated all over the world due to its economic and ornamental potential and its wide application in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. To investigate the effect of abscisic acid foliar application on increasing drought stress tolerance in Munstead ORGANIC cultivar, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block with three replications in the Faculty of Plant Production of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran in year 2016-2017. Experimental treatments were considered at four levels of irrigation regimes (including 90-100, 70-80, 50-60, and 30-40% of field capacity(FC)) and three levels of abscisic acid foliar application (including zero, 15, and 30 mM/l). Data analysis showed that the highest percentage of the essential oil (1.18%) was obtained in 15 μM abscisic acid and 30-40%FC. While the highest yield of the essential oil (0.055 g/plant) was related to the application of 30 μM abscisic acid in 70-80%FC. The category of the essential oil components also showed that out of 26 identified components, six compounds were hydrocarbon monoterpene, 10 compounds were oxygen monoterpene, six compounds were hydrogen peroxide and four components were oxygen sedimentation. With increasing drought, stress, the amount of hydrocarbon and oxygen monoterpene compounds decreased, but hydrocarbon and oxygen sesquiterpene compounds increased. The results also showed that the highest amount of limonene (10%) was obtained from adding 15 μM abscisic acid in irrigation of 70-80%FC. The highest amounts of camphor (10.47%) and bernoulli (51.58%) were achieved in complete irrigation and non-use of abscisic acid. However, the highest amounts of cariofillenoxide (7.80%) and α-Muurolene (24.90%) was observed in 30 μM abscisic acid and 60-50%FC and in 30 μM abscisic acid and 30-40%FC, respectively. Overall, it was found that foliar application of abscisic acid under drought stress 30-40%FC, could increase the percentage of the essential oils and sesquiterpene compounds to cope with drought conditions in lavender.

In order to investigate the effect of inORGANIC selenium replacement with ORGANIC selenium from Spirulina algae on performance and breast meat quality of broilers, a total of 160 one-day-old chicks were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments, eight replicates and five birds per each replicate. The sources of selenium used included sodium selenite and ORGANIC selenium from Spirulina algae which were replaced at two levels of 50 and 100 percent. The ORGANIC selenium was produced by the culture of Spirulina algae and its enrichment with selenium. The selenium content of different treatments was measured by ICP-Mass method. In this experiment, the feed intake and body weight gain parameters were measured weekly and feed conversion ratio was calculated. At 42 day of age, one bird was slaughtered from each replicate and the weight of carcass ready to cook was measured. The breast meat was sampled for measurement of pH and selenium storage. The results showed that it was not observed any significant difference in performance traits and ready to cook carcass percentage among different treatments. There was no significant difference in breast muscle pH at 0 and 24 hours after slaughtering. The amount of selenium deposited in breast muscle of birds fed ORGANIC selenium had significant increase when compared with other treatments (P<0.05). Generally, the results of this study showed that 100% replacement of sodium selenite with ORGANIC selenium from Spirulina algae led to increase in breast muscle selenium deposition without reduction in bird performance.

Static headspace combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is a powerful technique which can be used for separation and identification of volatile ORGANIC compounds in complex and different matrices such as soil, water, blood, urine, milk, cheese and especially yogurt. After sample collection, they were analyzed by HS-GC/MS system and the components (acetaldehyde, acetone, butanone and acetic acid) were detected and quantified. The limit of detection (LOD) was 100 ng/kg with selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode at m/z =60 for acetic acid. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was measured at 5.5% for acetic acid.

ORGANIC fertilizers in sustainable agricultural system are causing yield stability, especially in production of medicinal plants. Also consideration to forgotten medicinal plants such as Zuleng (Eryngium caucasicum Trautv.) that the leaves contain essential oils is most important because of the rich genetic potential. In order to evaluate the effects of different ORGANIC and chemical fertilizers on Zuleng (Eryngium caucasicum Trautv.), experiment was installed in a completely randomized block design with three replications in Sari city at 2011-2012. Treatments were concluded vermicompost, compost, compost and vermicompost, chemical fertilizer, chemical fertilizer and compost, chemical fertilizer and vermicompost, compost and vermicompost and chemical fertilizer, control (no ORGANIC or chemical fertilizer). Fertilization rate was 150 kg/ha chemical fertilizer (NPK), 10 T/ha vermicompost and 15 T/ha compost. Fresh and dry yield, leaf area index, leaf number, essential oil percentage and yield and also, major secondary metabolite were investigated. Results had suggested that there were significant differences in most characters between treatments and control (p=%5 level) except essential oil percentage. Highest percentage of1-limonene was in the compost treatment and maximum levels of 5-methyl-2-pyrimidone and b-sesquiphellandrene were in the compost+vermicompost mixture. The highest fresh weight yield, leaf area index and 4- (1, 5-dimethylhex-4-enyl) cyclohex-2-enonepercentage were obtained in 10 T/ha vermicompost treatment.

Drought is one of the most important factors limiting plant growth worldwide and the most common environmental stress. In response to environmental stresses, abscisic acid (ABA) plays an important role in initiating and coordinating many physiological and biochemical processes in reducing oxidative stress. To study the effects of abscisic acid on some antioxidant enzymes and proline of Lavendula angustifolia cv. ORGANIC Munestead under deficit irrigation stress, a pot experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were four levels of irrigation regimes (30-40, 50-60, 70-80 and 90-100 percent field capacity (FC)) and ABA including three levels (0, 15 and 30 mM/L). Traits evaluated in flowering stage. The highest level of drought resulted an increasing 91% in proline and decreasing 29.88% in carotenoid compared to control. Abscisic acid had a significant effect on all traits, except of carotenoid content. Abscisic acid 30 mM/L spray and irrigation regimes 30-40 percent FC induced the highest content of CAT, POD and SOD, while the maximum of antioxidant activity (70.54 mg/g DW) has resulted in ABA 15 Mm/L application and irrigation regimes 50-60 percent FC and the maximum of proline (2.51 mg/g DW) has resulted in ABA 15 mM/L application and irrigation regimes 30-40 percent FC. The highest fresh and dry weight of shoot and root were obtained from non-application of ABS in irrigation of 90-100% FC. It is determined abscisic acid application in deficit irrigation stress conditions increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes of lavender to counteract the negative effects of deficit irrigation stress.

Rather than recording feats of success in using natural resources, some common agricultural practices led to unsustainable agro-ecosystems and environmental crises with negative impacts on both human and animal health as a result of relying on artificial inputs as well as chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This is while food safety and agricultural product quality are major concerns among many middle class and high-income people in most parts of the world. ORGANIC farming is an improved agricultural production method basically founded on no chemical input. According to the statistics released by FAO, the area under rice cultivation in Iran amounted to 556, 787 ha in 2016, a large part of which has the potential to grow healthy and ORGANIC crops if low-input or non-input methods are employed. Study has shown that the use of chemical fertilizers may be reduced or balanced by applying to paddy fields any of the following either alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers: 2. 5 to 20 t/ha of poultry manure, 5 to 20 t/ha of bovine manure, 10 to 40 t/ha of sheep manure, 20 t/ha of green manure, 5 to 10 t/ha of Azolla compost, or 5 t/ha of Ricestraw compost. Application of ORGANIC fertilizers seems not only to improve soil physicochemical properties but also significantly reduce (by 70 to more than 90%) the amount of chemical fertilizers used, thereby contributing positively to sustainable rice production.

A thermodynamic analysis of the ORGANIC Rankine Cycle (ORC) is presented based on the first law of thermodynamics to find out the effect of the ORGANIC fluid selection on the cycle efficiency and power output. Different configurations of ORCs with and without Internal Heat Exchanger (IHE) are used. The criteria used to choose the optimum working fluid are discussed and many different ORGANIC fluids are compared in terms of the thermal efficiency and power output. The results obtained show that higher efficiencies are obtained for ORC with IHE configuration, and that the ORGANIC fluid R123 has the most favorable performance, for which the thermal efficiency of ORC is 14. 2 and 13. 28 with and without IHE, respectively. Moreover, the work output of ORC is about 50 kJ/kg, which is the highest when R123 is used as an ORGANIC fluid.